skin cytology in dogs

Try to obtain a sample at the junction of the vertical and horizontal canals. These granules are present in immature skin cells in the granular layer and are involved in “cementing” the cells together when fully mature. In case of dry skin or in the interdigital area: When bacterial or yeast infection is suspected (inflammatory. Comp Cont Edu 20:1011-1021, 1998. Thickening of the epidermis, often due to chronic inflammation resulting in exaggerated texture, Lichenification of skin in a dog with chronic atopic dermatitis and Malassezia dermatitis, Flat lesion associated with color change <1cm, Pigmented macule (left) Erythematous macule (right). He or she will then perform a complete physical examination as well as a biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and complete blood count -- the results of which are typically normal unless the dog has a concurrent disease. A defect in epidermis that penetrates the basement membrane. Rods are often Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, or Klebsiella species. Lymphocytes are usually seen later in the course of skin disease and are not usually found in large numbers. Description. Fissures of the footpads in a dog with superficial necrolytic dermatitis, Ulcer on skin surface that originates from and is contiguous with tracts extending into deeper, typically subcutaneous tissues, Accumulation of scale adherent to hair shaft, Follicular casts surrounding hairs from a dog with hypothyroidism, Idiopathic hyperkeratosis of the nasal planum (left) and footpads (right), Increased melanin in skin, often secondary to inflammation, Inflammatory lesions (left) resulting in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (right), Idiopathic hypopigmentation of planum nasale. Inflammatory cells are seen in almost all skin cytologic examinations and occasionally on ear canal and claw fold cytology. Mast cells are also found later in a disease process (Figure 9). Put the slides under a microscope, condenser up. Cytology is one of the most important yet commonly underused tools in veterinary medicine. RBCs are often present in cytology preparations, where they can be used as a comparative and absolute scale. This is approximately the farthest it is possible to see into the ear without an otoscope. Get the latest peer-reviewed clinical resources delivered to your inbox. RBCs vary slightly with species; in dogs, RBCs are ~7 microns in diameter. The presence of numerous bacteria with no intracellular bacteria may be the result of immunosuppression (eg, Cushing’s disease, hypothyroidism, neoplasia) or bacterial overgrowth. If a dog has a patent ear canal with a ruptured or absent tympanic membrane, sampling of the middle ear may be possible. In light of current concerns about resistance to antimicrobial drugs, I recommend treating these cases topically with an antimicrobial product (eg, chlorhexidine, micronized silver, Triz EDTA) as the first step. What is involved in a skin biopsy? Bacteria always go in and out of focus when the fine focus on the microscope is used, whereas melanin granules have a refractory/reflective quality. Stain this in the blue Diff-Quick, Stain the air dried slides (e.g. Or perhaps you’ve found a skin lump and you’re not sure whether it’s a cyst or not.. Eosinophils are rarely found in dogs with atopic dermatitis, although they are common in cats. Cytology involves examination of a tissue or fluid sample. They are about half the size of an average red blood cell. Red appearance of skin due to inflammation, capillary congestion, Erythema in a dog with cutaneous drug eruption, Thick crust often related to necrosis, trauma, or thermal/chemical burn, Erosions and/or ulcerations due to self-trauma, Excoriations in a cat with atopic dermatitis. Veterinary School Applications Are Up 19% — What Does that Mean for the Profession? Use the beveled edge to gently scrape or extract material from around the proximal claw/claw skin folds and rub it onto a glass slide (, Obtain a sample by scraping the skin with the edge of a glass slide at a 30° to 45° angle (. Bacteria are the most common infectious organisms I find on cytologic examination. Dry and flaky skin is also often referred to as itchy skin because it will always cause … Eosinophils are filled with red (eosinophilic) granules (Figure 7). Depigmentation of planum nasale in dog with vitiligo. These keratinocytes have lost their intercellular connections deeper in the epidermis and are usually found in animals with immune-mediated disease, such as pemphigus. Note that fixative will remove the sticky portion along with the sample. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. For the aspiration technique: Connect the needle and syringe, direct the needle into the mass, and draw back and release the plunger several times. Acantholytic cells are “fried egg”–shaped, with a deeply basophilic, centrally located nucleus (Figure 4). This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. Linkedin. If intracellular cocci are found, a true infection is present. A biopsy is one of the more common diagnostic procedures performed in dogs. The stick portion should have a beveled edge. Role a cotton bud on the skin surface or insert it in the ears and role cotton bud on the slide. Histopathology may be needed to differentiate from an erosion. Consider tape preps, which tend to be more useful in areas that are very dry or difficult to access with a slide, such as interdigital spaces, facial or tail folds, and periocular areas. In this test your veterinari… A 2-tiered histologic grading scheme for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) is based on morphologic characteristics of neoplastic cells, including karyomegaly, multinucleation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic figures. When cells rupture during sampling, nuclear content (DNA) is often seen on cytology. If your dog is suffering from a skin condition, you might see her exhibit some or all of the following signs: Excessive licking and/or scratching Hair loss Change in skin color or texture Saliva staining on fur Bumps or oozing on the skin Rogers KR, Barton CL, Habron JM: Cytology during surgery. History is very important for proper diagnosis of skin diseases. Cytology is the examination and study of blood or tissue cells under a microscope that can be done in dogs and other animals. Use of cytology as a diagnostic method in veterinary practice and assessment of communication between veterinary practitioners and veterinary clinical pathologists. How do I do it? If the tympanic membrane is intact, a myringotomy using a spinal needle will be required. Pinterest. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. 5. They are the major producer of histamine and are involved to a large extent in allergic skin disease. Samples for cytologic evaluation are collected by fine needle aspira - tion, touch impression, or gentle tissue scraping. These very small, round organisms have a clear halo and basophilic center (Figure 11). Lack of hair due to genetic factors or defects in embryogenesis. Ulcerations of the skin of a dog with vasculitis. Atypical lymphocytes (consistent with cutaneous lymphoma). Most keratinocytes are octagonal to square and squamous in composition. Photo: Dr. James Askew, DVM Does your dog suffer from skin cysts? Cocci are most often Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation of this dog’s thigh, Multifocal, papular, crusting dermatitis; a descriptive term, not a diagnosis, Miliary dermatitis in a flea allergic cat, A erythematous, macular, papular rash; the erythematous macules are typically 2-10 mm in diameter with coalescence to form larger lesions in some areas, Morbiliform eruptions in a dog with a cutaneous drug reaction. Two genera of yeast are seen: Malassezia species are more common in the United States than Candida species, which tend to be more common in Europe. Twitter. Two methods exist for taking samples from claw folds (cuticle areas): The slide should be heat fixed and a quick stain used for preparation. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. Medium and large lymphocytes, which have a slightly more open chromatin pattern and more cytoplasm, can also be seen in inflammatory processes. CUTANEOUS CYTOLOGY PROCEDURE Watch a video to review this procedure. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. Chris Reeder, DVM, DACVD, is a graduate of Auburn University’s College of Veterinary Medicine and board-certified in veterinary dermatology. round cell tumours). With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. The best method for obtaining material from the ear is with a cotton-tipped applicator; however, the health of the ear may limit access to ... Claw Skin Folds… Griffin et al found that heat fixing versus not heat fixing otic exudate on glass slides before staining did not increase or decrease the number of Malassezia yeast organisms found on cytologic evaluation.3 I prefer the slide to be heat fixed, then stained with a quick stain (eg, DiffQuik). Using a clear, cellophane-type tape, press the sticky portion directly onto the area of interest. StumbleUpon. Histopathology may be needed to differentiate from ulcer. Wheals (steep-walled, circumscribed elevation in the skin due to edema ) due to hypersensitivity reaction, Fluid-filled elevation of epidermis, <1cm, Vesicles and bullae on ear pinna due to bullous pemphigoid, Steep-walled, circumscribed elevation in the skin due to edema, Wheals associated with intradermal allergy testing in a horse, Superficial pyoderma (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Use the adhesive tape technique on dry skin or in the interdigital area (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Impression smear: slide pressed on skin (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Aspiration smear: insert needle into nodule (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Eosinophils, neutrophils and bacteria (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Superficial pyoderma: neutrophils with intracellular cocci (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay), Pyogranulomatous inflammation (deep pyoderma): many neutrophils and macrophages, few bacteria (Courtesy of Stefanie Peters), Malassezia and bacteria (Courtesy of Stefanie Peters), Grade 1 mast cell tumor with eosinophils (Courtesy of Sonya Bettenay). With key points describing the main clinical and cytological features of each lesion, the book provides lists of differential diagnoses, … Progressive leukotrichia in patient with vitiligo. Withdraw the needle. When looking for Demodex mites or fungal spores, lower the condenser so that the light intensity does not “burn” through these organisms. Stain the tape like a slide, let it air dry and press it onto a slide or put a drop of the blue stain o DiffQuick. It does not indicate anything other than the rupturing of cells during sample collection. These organisms are defined as a broad-based budding yeast. Always start at low power! Its’ purpose is to help you identify bacterial or fungal organisms (yeast) and to assess the infiltrating cell types, neoplastic cells or acantholytic keratinocytes. Emperipolesis in squames (rapid stain) Degenerating squames (rapid stain) Emperipolesis in squames . Nestlé PURINAInterpretation of Canine and Feline Cytology5 Choosing an area from which to collect a sample for cytology and deciding the method of sample collection depend on what abnormality is detected clinically. In patients with suspected pemphigoid diseases (erosions, Rods → culture and susceptibility advisable, Inflammatory cells with intracellular bacteria → clinically relevant infection that may require systemic antibiotic treatment, Eosinophils → can point to ectoparasites or allergies, Macrophages → seen in chronic, sterile and infectious processes, Slides, DiffQuick® or similar stain, mineral oil, adhesive tape, microscope, needle and syringe. In this disease, papular lesions are very often associated with pustules and epidermal collarettes, which help the clinician to suspect the disease (Fig. Dr. Reeder has published several articles both nationally and internationally and enjoys lecturing to local and national audiences on dermatology. These cells direct activities of other cells (eg, neutrophils, eosinophils, keratinocytes) through the release of various messaging molecules, or cytokines. Skin cytology is a very high-yield procedure for patients with skin disease. Finding eosinophils on skin cytology suggests the presence of parasites, fungi, or food allergies. He has served on several committees for the American College of Veterinary Dermatology, including the credentials committee and ad hoc exam committee. FIGURE 1. Keratinocytes may display some interesting features that may be normal or abnormal, such as inclusion of keratohyaline granules or rounded acantholytic cells. Increased melanin in skin, may be secondary to inflammation. For most dogs, much of the skin is covered with hair. Starting at 4× allows identification of specific areas of the slide for examination at higher powers. Dhaliwal RS, Kitchell BE, Marretta SM: Oral tumors in dogs and cats. Illustrated with high-quality photomicrographs, Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology: The Skin and Subcutis is a comprehensive resource for identifying through cytology the most common cutaneous and subcutaneous diseases of dogs and cats. Scabies and Demodex mites can be directly identified on a skin scraping. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. Nodules on nose of dog with cutaneous histiocytosis. A 5-French red rubber catheter may be used to obtain samples from more stenotic ear canals. Ecchymoses of a dog’s leg due to vasculitis, Circular scale or crust with erythema, associated with folliculitis or ruptured pustules or vesicles, Epidermal collarettes in a dog with Staphylococcus superficial bacterial folliculitis. They are not common but are of diagnostic value if seen. epithelial and mesenchymal tumours) is used, other tumours are grouped based exclusively on their morphology (e.g. Occasionally, severe bacterial infections and dermatophytosis can cause these cells to develop. Some types of skin cancer. Melanin granules are usually seen attached to keratinocytes, but they can be seen free on the slide. Diff-Quick ®) Put the slides under a microscope, condenser up. Neutrophils are acute inflammatory cells that destroy infectious organisms and are the main component of pus. Then scan the sample at 4X to 10X magnification for a representative area, … Melanin granules are commonly mistaken for bacteria and are normally seen on pigmented areas of the skin. Prognosis and treatment. Using the edge of a glass slide to obtain the debris (usually a waxy substance) by scraping from distal to proximal in a scooping motion at a 30° to 45° angle. Usually they are seen only in ulcerated areas of dermal mast cell tumors. All species have these granules, which may be seen in keratinocytes that are chronically irritated (eg, in allergic dogs/cats). Skin biopsies provide valuable insight into the type of cells in an abnormal area of skin or a skin growth and whether the growth poses a more serious health threat to your pet. Cocci are round, basophilic bacteria found individually, in clusters, or in large groups (Figure 10). 3. According to Christopher et al in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, “Cutaneous/subcutaneous cytology are most accurate for diagnosis of lesions, whereas liver cytology is least accurate.”1 Moreover, Ruocco et al report that “Exfoliative cytology for diagnostic purposes is rarely used in dermatology despite the rapid and reliable results which this procedure can offer in many clinical conditions.”2 Knowing how to take cytologic samples and how to interpret those samples can be critical to an animal’s health, disease management, and overall wellbeing. CUTANEOUS CYTOLOGY EQUIPMENT Learn what equipment is needed. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. Intracellular bacteria should be scanned for because the presence of these bacteria is the true definition of skin infection. Large lymphocytes are sometimes seen in dogs with cutaneous lymphoma (Figure 8). 4. Ear Canal. FIGURE 8. Use the sticky surface of the adhesive tape to collect cells and surface organisms from dry and / or scaly skin and then place this (sticky side down) onto a glass slide with a drop of the blue Difff-Quick, Apply a piece of double-sided adhesive tape to a slide and collect material with the sticky slide. In my experience, skin cytology is the diagnostic test most commonly missed in everyday referral cases. Part I. Prognosis and treatment. Roll this material onto a glass slide. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. Aspirates from MCTs may provide the same information more quickly, inexpensively, and less invasively. Nodule that is epithelial-lined and contains fluid or solid material. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. Content. Excessive stratum corneum, confirmed via histopathology. Keratohyaline granules are large eosinophilic granules. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. This term is often used to describe the nasal planum and footpads. BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Franklin, Tennessee. They are golden to brown in color and mostly rod-shaped; they have a refractive/reflective quality when going in and out of fine focus (Figure 13). Cytology can be used to detect inflammation, infection, bacteria, fungi, parasites and cancer. Cytology is a quick, simple-to-perform method to achieve useful information about the possible etiology of cutaneous lesions. Either way, in this article I can help you understand what skin cysts in dogs are, what to do about them, and when to worry. Atlas » Cytology » Skin Skin . I like to write. Two distinct shapes are most common: cocci and rods. Bacterial and yeast infections may be diagnosed this way or by skin cytology, which is a test in which a swab is run firmly over the skin and then over a microscope slide. Keratin bars (DQ) Collagen . Malassezia species have been described as peanut-, snowman-, footprint-, or bowling pin–shaped basophilic organisms. In some breeds hair is shed regularly or, in non-shedding breeds, is constantly growing. Rub or impress a slide on moist, exuding or greasy surface of infected skin. Demodex, Otodectes, scabies, or other mites may be visible on cytologic preparations if the infection is severe enough. For example, if a dog has end-stage proliferative ear disease, the degree of stenosis may make insertion of the applicator into the ear canal impossible. Reticulated leukotrichia on the back of a horse, Accumulation of loose fragments of stratum corneum, Loose, large scales due to ichthyosis in a Golden Retriever, Fibrous tissue replacing damaged cutaneous and/or subcutaneous tissues, Scarring (right) following the healing of an ulcer (left) in a dog with sterile nodular dermatitis, Undulating, serpentine (snake-like) arrangement of lesions, Serpiginous urticarial lesions on a horse, Permanent enlargement of vessels resulting in a red or violet lesion (rare), Telangiectasia in a dog with angiomatosis. Comp 2013). A... Stain the air dried slides (e.g. Fluid builds up inside skin cysts in dogs, causing a swelling on the surface of the skin. Chris Reeder, DVM, DACVD CUTANEOUS CYTOLOGY SLIDE PREPARATION Watch this procedure step-by-step. Facebook. A skin cytology sample can be obtained in a variety of ways, depending on the type of lesion present. Skin Cytology in Dogs and Cats Kinga Gortel DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVD Why do skin cytology? Small, medium, and large lymphocytes may be seen. Skin cytology provides useful information on the type and severity of infection. Specific techniques on myringotomy may be found in Mueller and Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology, 7th edition. In dogs, skin appendages that grow out of the outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, include the hair follicles, oil and sweat glands and claws. Nuclear streaming looks like fine threads of eosinophilic material (Figure 10). I find direct impression smears to be most rewarding. In these cases, a red rubber or tomcat catheter can be used to obtain the sample while the patient is under general anesthesia. It also enables observation of findings that might be missed at 100×, such as acantholytic cells and Demodex mites (Figures 4 and 5). Ruocco E, Brunetti G, Vecchio M Del, Ruocco V. The practical use of cytology for diagnosis in dermatology. More specific testing includes a culture of the causative organism as well as taking a small skin tissue sample for a skin cytology test. Dr. Reeder’s special interests include otitis externa, dermatopathology, and immune-mediated skin disease. Diagnosis of Skin Odor and Discharge in Dogs. Rods are often found individually or in sets of 2 placed end to end, called diploid rods (Figure 12). These are very important to recognize and are considered abnormal in any animal. Insert needle into nodule or abscesses and re-insert a number of times without leaving the skin. It can help to outline fungal spores, bacteria, and yeast, so look for these organisms in areas with larger amounts of nuclear streaming. Using a cotton-tipped applicator broken in half. This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. Skin surface and ear cytology is the most frequently used dermatologic diagnostic technique in practice. You will need to give a thorough history of your dog’s health, including the onset and nature of the symptoms, to your veterinarian. The presence of different inflammatory cells may be a guide to suspect certain diseases, such as pemphigus complex, cutaneous lupus, mucocutaneous pyoderma, or even allergies. Dhaliwal RS, Kitchell BE, Marretta SM: Oral tumors in dogs and cats. Moisten a cotton bud with saline solution or carefully rub the edge of a slide on the skin and then rub the material on the slide, Press clear adhesive tape (sticky side down) onto the skin. Part II. Cutaneous cytology is an important diagnostic tool to definitively diagnose secondary infections of the skin and ears due to bacteria (cocci and rods) and yeast (Malassezia). The textbooks on skin cytology and dermatology in dogs and cats use a “hybrid” cytological classification of skin cancers; indeed, although for certain cancers a definition based on the origin of the cells and/or their architectural arrangement (e.g. Dry, Flaky Skin. Book Description: This book discusses canine and feline skin cytology and the importance of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions. Dogs have round granules and cats have rod-shaped granules (similar to eosinophils; Figure 14). These are large organisms and are best evaluated with 4× to 10× magnification. The most common mistake made in viewing cytologic preparations is going directly to 100× magnification. In general, apply samples to a microscope slide and stain with Diff-Quik or a similar stain. Eosinophils produce numerous cytokines and mediators to kill microorganisms and attract other cells, such as mast cells. Cytology is an inexpensive tool with a short turnaround time as it can be performed in clinic. This reference guide was created as a source of step-by-step recommendations to assist the veterinary team in proper collection and preparation of appropriate cytological samples. Neutrophils release many proteolytic enzymes responsible for inflammation and tissue damage (Figure 6). Copyright © 2021 Today's Veterinary Practice. The best method for obtaining material from the ear is with a cotton-tipped applicator; however, the health of the ear may limit access to sampling sites. Fungal spores from dermatophytes (ringworm) can be seen within neutrophils, can be free, or can be present within nuclear streaming. 3.1). Remember, quick stains stain all bacteria purple; they do not distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria. Defect in epidermis that does not penetrate basement membrane. Comp Cont Edu 20:1109-1119, 1998. Diff-Quick. OBTAINING SAMPLES. Ear cytology: Right and left markers. As the magnification increases, so should the light intensity. Your veterinarian will ask questions regarding the age of onset, progression of disease, and response to previous treatments. Abnormal nail morphology due to nail bed infection, inflammation, or trauma; may include: Onychogryphosis, Onychomadesis, Onychorrhexis, Onychoschizia, Onychodystrophy in dog with chronic allergies, Abnormal claw curvature; secondary to nail bed inflammation or trauma, Onychogryphosis in a dog with symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy, Claw sloughing due to nail bed inflammation or trauma, Onychomadesis in a dog with symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy, Claw fragmentation due to nail bed inflammation or trauma, Onychorrhexis in a dog with symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy, Claw splitting due to nail bed inflammation or trauma, Onychoschizia in a dog with symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy, Papules on a dog with superficial bacterial folliculitis, Paronychia in a dog with symmetric lupoid onychodystrophy, Flat lesion associated with color change >1cm, Hypopigmented patch (left), erythematous patch (right), Small erythematous or violaceous lesions due to dermal bleeding, Petechiae in a dog with cutaneous vasculitis, Venous dilation; most commonly associated with hypercortisolism, Phlebectasia and cutaneous atrophy due to hypercortisolism in a dog, Flat-topped elevation >1cm formed of coalescing papules or dermal infiltration. CUTANEOUS CYTOLOGY DIFF-QUICK® PROCEDURE Watch the video to review this procedure. With more than 600 clinical and cytological color pictures, it explains the cytological patterns observed in all cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic lesions in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous metastasis of non-primary skin neoplasms. These cells are also phagocytic and are capable of ingesting bacteria and fungi. CUTANEOUS CYTOLOGY (.pdf) Download and save the entire Cutaneous Cytology Diagnostic Technique Section for your continued reference. Christopher MM, Hotz CS, Shelly SM, Pion PD. Bacterial cultures should be performed any time rods are seen on cytology. In dogs, papules are frequently observed during superficial staphylococcal pyoderma (Ihrke 1996; Miller et al. Congenital hypotrichosis in chocolate Labrador puppies. It is a quick, easy, and inexpensive means of gathering a tremendous amount of diagnostic information, much the same as running fecal floats, blood smears, and serum chemistries/complete blood counts. Web Design by PHOS Creative, https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/table-of-contents-january-february-2021/, Groundbreaking Dog Genetics Study Shows Benefits of DNA Testing. A discrete swelling containing purulent material, typically in the subcutis, Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present; may be due to folliculitis, abnormal follicle cycling, or self-trauma, Extensive alopecia secondary to cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma, well-circumscribed, circular, patchy to coalescing alopecia, often associated with folliculitis, “Moth-eaten” alopecia secondary to superficial bacterial folliculitis, Angioedema due to cutaneous drug eruption, Annular lesions in a dog with erythema multiforme, Fluid-filled elevation of epidermis, >1cm, Blood-filled elevation of epidermis, >1cm, Interdigital hemorrhagic bulla in a dog with deep pyoderma and furunculosis, dilated hair follicle filled with keratin, sebum, Comedones on the ventral abdomen of a dog with hypercortisolism, Dried exudate and keratinous debris on skin surface, Multifocal crusts due to pemphigus foliaceus. 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Of an average red blood cell DIFF-QUICK® procedure Watch a video to review this procedure covered with.... Distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria ear may be seen within neutrophils, can also be seen almost... Small Animal dermatology, including the credentials committee and ad hoc exam committee specific techniques myringotomy... Medium, and less invasively Section for your continued reference Shelly SM, Pion PD condenser up, CL! Area: when bacterial or yeast infection is severe enough the tympanic membrane sampling! Of this diagnostic tool in interpreting skin lesions inflammatory processes ) Degenerating squames ( rapid stain Degenerating. Has a patent ear canal with a ruptured or absent tympanic membrane, sampling of the skin KR, CL... If intracellular cocci are round, basophilic bacteria found individually or in groups... Are the main component of pus attract other cells, such as of. Dogs and other animals or, in allergic dogs/cats ) s small Animal dermatology, 7th edition the American of! Ihrke 1996 ; Miller et al is possible to see into the ear an. Proteolytic enzymes responsible for inflammation and tissue damage ( Figure 10 ) patent canal! Cytokines and mediators to kill microorganisms and attract other cells, such as inclusion of granules. Used as a broad-based budding yeast in composition patients with skin disease Reeder, DVM Does your dog from...

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